HOW DO NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS INFLUENCE CHINA'S INVESTMENT PROJECTS IN CAMBODIA? A GEOSOCIAL ANALYSIS
LIU Xiao-feng1, WANG Yu2, HU Zhi-ding3, GE Yue-jing4, HUANG Yu5
1. Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
2. Center of Social Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China;
3. Institute of Global Innovation and Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China;
4. Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;
5. Group of Alpine Paleoecology and Human Adaptation (ALPHA), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
Abstract：Following the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China has multiplied its international contacts and seen the necessity of people-to-people exchanges. Inspecting the BRI through a geosocial lens is thus crucial. Although Cambodia is regarded as a model for BRI international cooperation, China's infrastructure projects here have encountered many difficulties with geosocial factors playing key roles. Among the factors, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are crucial links connecting various geosocial actors and elements. Against the backdrop, this paper utilizes fieldwork interviews and observations and secondhand materials to investigate the roles of NGOs in Cambodia in the suspension of Chay Areng hydropower dam project. We first depict the basic characteristics of the NGOs in Cambodia. Then we examine how they generally operate and influence China's projects in Cambodia. Last but not least, we reveal the factors determining the formation of these influences.
刘晓凤, 王雨, 胡志丁, 葛岳静, 黄宇. 非政府组织如何影响中国在柬埔寨投资项目？——基于地缘社会的解析[J]. 人文地理, 2022, 37(2): 59-66,157.
LIU Xiao-feng, WANG Yu, HU Zhi-ding, GE Yue-jing, HUANG Yu. HOW DO NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS INFLUENCE CHINA'S INVESTMENT PROJECTS IN CAMBODIA? A GEOSOCIAL ANALYSIS. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, 2022, 37(2): 59-66,157.
胡伟,胡志丁,葛岳静.中国地缘环境研究进展与思考[J].地理科学进展,2019,38(4):477- 488.[Hu Wei, Hu Zhiding, Ge Yuejing. Review of geo- setting research in China[J]. Progress in Geography, 2019,38(4):477-488.]
[2]
胡志丁,杜德斌.日本德川幕府时期的地缘环境分析——兼论国别地缘环境分析框架[J].地理学报,2020,75(10):2047-2060.[Hu Zhiding, Du Debin. An investigation of Japanese geo-setting during the period of Tokugawa Bakufu:A tentative examination of the analytical framework for geo-setting research[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020,75(10):2047-2060.]
[3]
胡志丁,陆大道.地缘结构:理论基础、概念及其分析框架[J].地理科学,2019,39(7):1045-1054.[Hu Zhiding, Lu Dadao. Geo-structure:Theoretical basis, concept and analytical framework[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2019,39(7):1045-1054.]
[4]
何增科.市民社会概念的历史演变[J].中国社会科学,1994(5):67- 81.[He Zengke. The concept of civil society and its evolution[J]. Social Sciences in China, 1994(5):67-81.]
[5]
付文忠". 政治先于社会":认同政治学的政治与社会概念——拉克劳与墨菲的后马克思主义政治观剖析[J].西南大学学报(社会科 学版),2007(5):78- 83.[Fu Wenzhong. The primacy of politics over society:The social and political concepts in the politics of identity:Comments on Laclau and Mouffe' s post-Marxist vision of politics[J]. Journal of Southwest University(Social Sciences Edition), 2007(5):78-83.]
[6]
刘晓凤,葛岳静,胡伟,等.非国家行为体的地缘政治空间影响及实现路径[J].地理科学进展, 2019,38(11):1735-1746.[Liu Xiaofeng, Ge Yuejing, Hu Wei, et al. Spatial impacts of the geopolitics of nonstate actors and their formation pathways[J]. Progress in Geography, 2019,38(11):1735-1746.]
[7]
Mitchell K, Kallio P K. Spaces of the geosocial:Exploring transnational topologies[J]. Geopolitics, 2016,22(1):1-14.
[8]
Elaine L E Ho. The geo-social and global geographies of power:Urban aspirations of "worlding" African students in China[J]. Geopolitics, 2016,22(1):15-33.
[9]
Hoerschelmann K, Reich E. Entangled (in) securities:Sketching the scope of geosocial approaches for understanding "webs of (in) security"[J]. Geopolitics, 2017,22(1):73-90.
[10]
刘晓凤,王雨,葛岳静.环境政治中国际非政府组织的角色——基于批判地缘政治的视角[J].人文地理,2018,33(5):123-132.[Liu Xiaofeng, Wang Yu, Ge Yuejing. Roles of international non-governmental organizations in global environmental politics:A critical geopolitical perspective[J]. Human Geography, 2018,33(5):123- 132.]
[11]
王杰,张海滨,张志洲.全球治理中的国际非政府组织[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2004.[Wang Jie, Zhang Haibin, Zhang Zhizhou. International Non-governmental Organizations in Global Governance[M]. Beijing:Peking University Press, 2004.]
[12]
Grabosky P. Beyond responsive regulation:The expanding role of non-state actors in the regulatory process[J]. Regulation & Governance, 2013,7(1):114-123.
[13]
Mcilwaine C. Civil society and development geography[J]. Progress in Human Geography, 1998,22(3):415-424.
[14]
Gulbrandsen L H, Andresen S. NGO influence in the implementation of the Kyoto protocol:Compliance, flexibility mechanisms, and sinks[J]. Global Environmental Politics, 2004,4(4):54-75.
[15]
Kamat S. The privatization of public interest:Theorizing NGO discourse in a Neoliberal era[J]. Review of International Political Economy, 2004,11(1):155-176.
[16]
Mohan G. The disappointments of civil society:The politics of NGO intervention in northern Ghana[J]. Political Geography, 2002, 21(1):125-154.
[17]
Arts B. The global-local nexus:NGOs and the articulation of scale[J]. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 2004,95(5):498-510.
[18]
Hatte S, Koenig P. The Geography of NGO Activism Against Multinational Corporations[Z/OL]. Working Papers halshs- 01518148, HAL. 2017. https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01518148.
[19]
Desforges L. The formation of global citizenship:International nongovernmental organisations in Britain[J]. Political Geography, 2004, 23(5):549-569.
[20]
Sundberg J. NGO landscapes in the Maya biosphere reserve, Guatemala[J]. Geographical Review, 1998,88(3):388-412.
[21]
柳建文."一带一路"背景下国外非政府组织与中国的国际区域合作[J].外交评论(外交学院学报),2016,33(5):1-30.[Liu Jianwen. Foreign non- governmental organizations and China's international and regional cooperation under the Belt and Road[J]. Foreign Affairs Review, 2016,33(5):1-30.]
[22]
孙海泳.境外非政府组织因素对中国外交的影响及其应对[J].国际 展望,2018,10(1):51- 69,149- 150.[Sun Haiyong. Foreign nongovernmental organizations's influence on China's diplomacy and countermeasures[J]. Global Review, 2018,10(1):51-69,149-150.]
[23]
王冲.缅甸非政府组织反坝运动刍议[J].东南亚研究,2012(4):75- 82.[Wang Chong. Analysis on the anti- dam movement of Myanmar's NGOs[J]. Southeast Asian Studies, 2012(4):75-82.]
[24]
李灿松,葛岳静,马纳,等.基于行为主体的缅甸排华思潮产生及其原因解析[J].世界地理研究,2015,24(2):20-30.[Li Cansong, Ge Yuejing, Ma Na, et al. An analysis on the formation and cause of anti- China sentiment in Myanmar based on actant[J]. World Regional Studies, 2015,24(2):20-30.]
[25]
中国-东盟研究院.中柬合作被忽视的力量——NGO[EB/OL]. (2014- 05- 04)[2021- 05- 01]. http://cari.gxu.edu.cn/info/1087/1989.htm.[China-ASEAN Institute. An overlooked power in China-Cambodia cooperation:NGO[EB/OL]. (2014-05-04)[2021-05-01]. http://cari.gxu.edu.cn/info/1087/1989.htm.]
[26]
周龙.柬埔寨非政府组织的发展及其社会影响[J].东南亚纵横, 2015(8):62-67.[Zhou Long. The development of NGO in Cambodia and their social influence[J]. Crossroads:Southeast Asian Studies, 2015(8):62-67.]
[27]
Domashneva H. NGOs in Cambodia:It's complicated[EB/OL]. (2013-12-03)[2021-04-04]. https://thediplomat.com/2013/12/ngosin-cambodia-its-complicated/.
[28]
Stroup S, Wong W. Authority, strategy, and influence:Environmental INGOs in comparative perspective[J]. Environmental Politics, 2018,27(6):1101-1121.
[29]
魏庆坡.中资水电企业在柬埔寨的环保困境及对策[J].东南亚研究,2014(4):50-56.[Wei Qingpo. Responding to environmental dilemma of Chinese hydropower companies in Cambodia[J]. Southeast Asian Studies, 2014(4):50-56.]
[30]
葛昀.豆蔻森林中的水电开发——环境NGO柴阿润水电站实地考察报告[EB/OL]. (2013-12-17)[2021-05-12]. http://www.doc88.com/p-7028074675981.html.[Ge Yun. Hydropower development in Cardamom forest:Investigation report on environmental NGOs involved in Chay Areng hydropower dam[EB/OL]. (2013- 12- 17)[2021-05-12]. http://www.doc88.com/p-7028074675981.html.]
[31]
The Phnom Penh Post. Don't talk about Areng[N/OL]. (2015-02-25)[2021- 04- 05]. https://www.phnompenhpost.com/dont-talk-aboutareng.
[32]
International Rivers. Cheay Areng Dam[EB/OL]. (2018- 01- 05)[2021-04-01]. https://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/cheayareng-dam.
[33]
Boström M, Hallström K. NGO power in global social and environmental standard- setting[J]. Global Environmental Politics, 2010, 10(4):36-59.
[34]
Baird I. Non- government organizations, villagers, political culture and the lower sesan 2 dam in northeastern Cambodia[J]. Critical Asian Studies, 2016,48(2):257-277.
[35]
王丰龙,刘云刚.尺度政治理论框架[J].地理科学进展,2017,36(12):1500-1509.[Wang Fenglong, Liu Yungang. Towards a theoretical framework of 'politics of scale'[J]. Progress in Geography, 2017, 36(12):1500-1509.]
